Cases: O'Neill v. United States, 410 F.2d 888 (6th Cir. 1969)
Forms: Form 1041; Form 1040NR; Form 8832; Form 1040
Final rules 46
(a) When used in this title, where not otherwise distinctly expressed or manifestly incompatible with the intent thereof—
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(1) Person The term “person” shall be construed to mean an+d include an individual, a trust, estate, partnership, association, company or corporation.
Cases: Chickasaw Nation v. United States, 208 F.3d 871 (10th Cir. 2000)
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(2) Partnership and partner The term “partnership” includes a syndicate, group, pool, joint venture, or other unincorporated organization, through or by means of which any business, financial operation, or venture is carried on, and which is not, within the meaning of this title, a trust or estate or a corporation; and the term “partner” includes a member in such a syndicate, group, pool, joint venture, or organization.
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(3) Corporation The term “corporation” includes associations, joint-stock companies, and insurance companies.
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(4) Domestic The term “domestic” when applied to a corporation or partnership means created or organized in the United States or under the law of the United States or of any State unless, in the case of a partnership, the Secretary provides otherwise by regulations.
Amended 1976, 1997
- 1997 Pub. L. 105-34 Pub. L. 105–34, § 1151(a), inserted before period at end “unless, in the case of a partnership, the Secretary provides otherwise by regulations”.
- 1976 Pub. L. 94-455 Pub. L. 94–455, § 1906(c)(3), struck out “or Territory” after “any State”.
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(5) Foreign The term “foreign” when applied to a corporation or partnership means a corporation or partnership which is not domestic.
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(6) Fiduciary The term “fiduciary” means a guardian, trustee, executor, administrator, receiver, conservator, or any person acting in any fiduciary capacity for any person.
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(7) Stock The term “stock” includes shares in an association, joint-stock company, or insurance company.
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(8) Shareholder The term “shareholder” includes a member in an association, joint-stock company, or insurance company.
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(9) United States The term “United States” when used in a geographical sense includes only the States and the District of Columbia.
Amended 1959, 1960
- 1960 Pub. L. 86-624 Pub. L. 86–624, § 18(i), (j), struck out reference to the Territory of Hawaii.
- 1959 Pub. L. 86-70 Pub. L. 86–70, § 22(g), substituted “the Territory of Hawaii” for “the Territories of Alaska and Hawaii”.
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(10) State The term “State” shall be construed to include the District of Columbia, where such construction is necessary to carry out provisions of this title.
Amended 1959, 1960
- 1960 Pub. L. 86-624 Pub. L. 86–624, § 18(i), (j), struck out reference to the Territory of Hawaii.
- 1959 Pub. L. 86-70 Pub. L. 86–70, § 22(h), substituted “Territory of Hawaii” for “Territories”.
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(11) Secretary of the Treasury and Secretary
Amended 1976
- 1976 Pub. L. 94-455 Pub. L. 94–455, § 1906(a)(57)(A), substituted definitions of “Secretary of the Treasury” and “Secretary” for “Secretary.—The term ‘Secretary’ means the Secretary of the Treasury”.
(A) Secretary of the Treasury The term “Secretary of the Treasury” means the Secretary of the Treasury, personally, and shall not include any delegate of his.
(B) Secretary The term “Secretary” means the Secretary of the Treasury or his delegate.
(12) Delegate
Amended 1960
- 1960 Pub. L. 86-778 Pub. L. 86–778 designated existing provisions as par. (A) and added par. (B).
(A) In general The term “or his delegate”—
Amended 1976
- 1976 Pub. L. 94-455 Pub. L. 94–455, § 1906(a)(57)(B), substituted definition of “or his delegate” for definition of “Secretary of his delegate”.
(i) when used with reference to the Secretary of the Treasury, means any officer, employee, or agency of the Treasury Department duly authorized by the Secretary of the Treasury directly, or indirectly by one or more redelegations of authority, to perform the function mentioned or described in the context; and
(ii) when used with reference to any other official of the United States, shall be similarly construed.
(B) Performance of certain functions in Guam or American Samoa The term “delegate,” in relation to the performance of functions in Guam or American Samoa with respect to the taxes imposed by chapters 1, 2, and 21, also includes any officer or employee of any other department or agency of the United States, or of any possession thereof, duly authorized by the Secretary (directly, or indirectly by one or more redelegations of authority) to perform such functions.
Amended 1972
- 1972 Pub. L. 92-606 Pub. L. 92–606 inserted reference to chapter 1.
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(13) Commissioner The term “Commissioner” means the Commissioner of Internal Revenue.
(14) Taxpayer The term “taxpayer” means any person subject to any internal revenue tax.
Cases: United States v. Williams, 514 U.S. 527 (1995)
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(15) Military or naval forces and armed forces of the United States The term “military or naval forces of the United States” and the term “Armed Forces of the United States” each includes all regular and reserve components of the uniformed services which are subject to the jurisdiction of the Secretary of Defense, the Secretary of the Army, the Secretary of the Navy, or the Secretary of the Air Force, and each term also includes the Coast Guard. The members of such forces include commissioned officers and personnel below the grade of commissioned officers in such forces.
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(16) Withholding agent The term “withholding agent” means any person required to deduct and withhold any tax under the provisions of section 1441, 1442, 1443, or 1461.
Amended 1982, 1983, 1984
- 1984 Pub. L. 98-369 Pub. L. 98–369, § 474(r)(29)(K), struck out “1451,” after “1443”.
- 1983 Pub. L. 98-67 Pub. L. 98–67, § 102(a), repealed amendments made by Pub. L. 97–248. See 1982 Amendment note below.
- 1982 Pub. L. 97-248 Pub. L. 97–248, §§ 307(a)(17), 308(a), provided that, applicable to payments of interest, dividends, and patronage dividends paid or credited after June 30, 1983, par. (16) is amended by substituting “1461 or 3451” for “or 1461”. Section 102(a), (b) of Pub. L. 98–67, title I, Aug. 5, 1983, 97 Stat. 369, repealed subtitle A (§§ 301–308) of title III of Pub. L. 97–248 as of the close of June 30, 1983, and provided that the Internal Revenue Code of 1954 [now 1986] [this title] shall be applied and administered (subject to certain exceptions) as if such subtitle A (and the amendments made by such subtitle A) had not been enacted.
(17) Husband and wife As used in section 2516, if the husband and wife therein referred to are divorced, wherever appropriate to the meaning of such section, the term “wife” shall be read “former wife” and the term “husband” shall be read “former husband”; and, if the payments described in such section are made by or on behalf of the wife or former wife to the husband or former husband instead of vice versa, wherever appropriate to the meaning of such section, the term “husband” shall be read “wife” and the term “wife” shall be read “husband.”
Amended 1984, 1986, 2004, 2017
- 2017 Pub. L. 115-97 Pub. L. 115–97, § 11051(b)(4), substituted “section 2516” for “sections 682 and 2516” and substituted “such section” for “such sections” wherever appearing.
- 2004 Pub. L. 108-311 Pub. L. 108–311 substituted “682” for “152(b)(4), 682,”.
- 1986 Pub. L. 99-514 Pub. L. 99–514, § 1842(d), inserted reference to section 2516.
- 1984 Pub. L. 98-369 Pub. L. 98–369, § 422(d)(3), struck out reference to sections 71 and 215.
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(18) International organization The term “international organization” means a public international organization entitled to enjoy privileges, exemptions, and immunities as an international organization under the International Organizations Immunities Act (22 U.S.C. 288–288f).
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(19) Domestic building and loan association The term “domestic building and loan association” means a domestic building and loan association, a domestic savings and loan association, and a Federal savings and loan association—
(A) which is subject by law to supervision and examination by State or Federal authority having supervision over such associations;
Amended 1969, 2018
- 2018 Pub. L. 115-141 Pub. L. 115–141, § 401(b)(54), struck out “either (i) is an insured institution within the meaning of section 401(a) of the National Housing Act (12 U.S.C., sec. 1724(a)), or (ii)” after “which”.
- 1969 Pub. L. 91-172 Pub. L. 91–172, § 432(c) reenacted subpar. (A) without change.
(B) the business of which consists principally of acquiring the savings of the public and investing in loans; and
Amended 1969
- 1969 Pub. L. 91-172 Pub. L. 91–172, § 432(c), struck out reference to subpar. (C).
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(C) at least 60 percent of the amount of the total assets of which (at the close of the taxable year) consists of—
Amended 1969
- 1969 Pub. L. 91-172 Pub. L. 91–172, § 432(c), substituted 60 percent for 90 percent in text preceding cl. (i), reenacted cl. (i) without change, in cl. (ii), excluded obligations the interest on which was excludible from gross income under section 103, expanded provisions of former cl. (iii) and transferred them to cl. (v), reenacted cl. (iv) without change, redesignated former cls. (v) and (vi) as cls. (viii) and (x) and added cls. (iii), (vi), (vii) and (ix), and text following cl. (x).
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(i) cash,
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(ii) obligations of the United States or of a State or political subdivision thereof, and stock or obligations of a corporation which is an instrumentality of the United States or of a State or political subdivision thereof, but not including obligations the interest on which is excludable from gross income under section 103,
(iii) certificates of deposit in, or obligations of, a corporation organized under a State law which specifically authorizes such corporation to insure the deposits or share accounts of member associations,
(iv) loans secured by a deposit or share of a member,
(v) loans (including redeemable ground rents, as defined in section 1055) secured by an interest in real property which is (or, from the proceeds of the loan, will become) residential real property or real property used primarily for church purposes, loans made for the improvement of residential real property or real property used primarily for church purposes, provided that for purposes of this clause, residential real property shall include single or multifamily dwellings, facilities in residential developments dedicated to public use or property used on a nonprofit basis for residents, and mobile homes not used on a transient basis,
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(vi) loans secured by an interest in real property located within an urban renewal area to be developed for predominantly residential use under an urban renewal plan approved by the Secretary of Housing and Urban Development under part A or part B of title I of the Housing Act of 1949, as amended, or located within any area covered by a program eligible for assistance under section 103 of the Demonstration Cities and Metropolitan Development Act of 1966, as amended, and loans made for the improvement of any such real property,
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(vii) loans secured by an interest in educational, health, or welfare institutions or facilities, including structures designed or used primarily for residential purposes for students, residents, and persons under care, employees, or members of the staff of such institutions or facilities,
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(viii) property acquired through the liquidation of defaulted loans described in clause (v), (vi), or (vii),
(ix) loans made for the payment of expenses of college or university education or vocational training, in accordance with such regulations as may be prescribed by the Secretary,
(x) property used by the association in the conduct of the business described in subparagraph (B), and
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(xi) any regular or residual interest in a REMIC, but only in the proportion which the assets of such REMIC consist of property described in any of the preceding clauses of this subparagraph; except that if 95 percent or more of the assets of such REMIC are assets described in clauses (i) through (x), the entire interest in the REMIC shall qualify.
Amended 1986, 1988, 1996, 2004
- 2004 Pub. L. 108-357 Pub. L. 108–357, § 835(b)(10), struck out “and any regular interest in a FASIT,” after “residual interest in a REMIC,” and struck out “or FASIT” after “entire interest in the REMIC” and after “such REMIC” in two places.
- 1996 Pub. L. 104-188 Pub. L. 104–188, § 1621(b)(8), amended cl. (xi) generally. Prior to amendment, cl. (xi) read as follows: “any regular or residual interest in a REMIC, but only in the proportion which the assets of such REMIC consist of property described in any of the preceding clauses of this subparagraph; except that if 95 percent or more of the assets of such REMIC are assets described in clauses (i) through (x), the entire interest in the REMIC shall qualify.”
- 1988 Pub. L. 100-647 Pub. L. 100–647, § 1006(t)(12), substituted “are assets described” for “are loans described”.
- 1986 Pub. L. 99-514 Pub. L. 99–514, § 671(b)(3), added cl. (xi).
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At the election of the taxpayer, the percentage specified in this subparagraph shall be applied on the basis of the average assets outstanding during the taxable year, in lieu of the close of the taxable year, computed under regulations prescribed by the Secretary. For purposes of clause (v), if a multifamily structure securing a loan is used in part for nonresidential purposes, the entire loan is deemed a residential real property loan if the planned residential use exceeds 80 percent of the property’s planned use (determined as of the time the loan is made). For purposes of clause (v), loans made to finance the acquisition or development of land shall be deemed to be loans secured by an interest in residential real property if, under regulations prescribed by the Secretary, there is reasonable assurance that the property will become residential real property within a period of 3 years from the date of acquisition of such land; but this sentence shall not apply for any taxable year unless, within such 3-year period, such land becomes residential real property. For purposes of determining whether any interest in a REMIC qualifies under clause (xi), any regular interest in another REMIC held by such REMIC shall be treated as a loan described in a preceding clause under principles similar to the principles of clause (xi); except that, if such REMIC’s are part of a tiered structure, they shall be treated as 1 REMIC for purposes of clause (xi).
Amended 1962, 1969, 1976, 1988
- 1988 Pub. L. 100-647 Pub. L. 100–647, § 1006(t)(25)(A), inserted at end “For purposes of determining whether any interest in a REMIC qualifies under clause (xi), any regular interest in another REMIC held by such REMIC shall be treated as a loan described in a preceding clause under principles similar to the principles of clause (xi); except that, if such REMIC’s are part of a tiered structure, they shall be treated as 1 REMIC for purposes of clause (xi).”
- 1976 Pub. L. 94-455 Pub. L. 94–455, § 1906(b)(13)(A), struck out “or his delegate” after “Secretary” wherever appearing.
- 1969 Pub. L. 91-172 Pub. L. 91–172, § 432(c), struck out subpars. (D) to (F) and text following subpar. (F) which had further qualified the assets.
- 1962 Pub. L. 87-834 Pub. L. 87–834, § 6(c), amended par. (19) generally. Prior to such amendment, subsection read as follows: “The term ‘domestic building and loan association’ means a domestic building and loan association, a domestic savings and loan association, and a Federal savings and loan association, substantially all the business of which is confined to making loans to members.”
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(20) Employee For the purpose of applying the provisions of section 79 with respect to group-term life insurance purchased for employees, for the purpose of applying the provisions of sections 104, 105, and 106 with respect to accident and health insurance or accident and health plans, and for the purpose of applying the provisions of subtitle A with respect to contributions to or under a stock bonus, pension, profit-sharing, or annuity plan, and with respect to distributions under such a plan, or by a trust forming part of such a plan, and for purposes of applying section 125 with respect to cafeteria plans, the term “employee” shall include a full-time life insurance salesman who is considered an employee for the purpose of chapter 21.
Amended 1964, 1986, 1988, 1996, 2014
- 2014 Pub. L. 113-295 Pub. L. 113–295 substituted “chapter 21.” for “chapter 21, or in the case of services performed before January 1, 1951, who would be considered an employee if his services were performed during 1951.”
- 1996 Pub. L. 104-188 Pub. L. 104–188, § 1402(b)(3), struck out “, for the purpose of applying the provisions of section 101(b) with respect to employees’ death benefits” after “health plans”.
- 1988 Pub. L. 100-647 Pub. L. 100–647, § 1011B(e), substituted “and 106” for “106, and 125” and inserted “and for purposes of applying section 125 with respect to cafeteria plans,” before “the term”.
- 1986 Pub. L. 99-514 Pub. L. 99–514, § 1166(a), inserted reference to section 125.
- 1964 Pub. L. 88-272 Pub. L. 88–272 inserted “For the purpose of applying the provisions of section 79 with respect to group-term life insurance purchased for employees”.
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(21) Levy The term “levy” includes the power of distraint and seizure by any means.
(22) Attorney General The term “Attorney General” means the Attorney General of the United States.
(23) Taxable year The term “taxable year” means the calendar year, or the fiscal year ending during such calendar year, upon the basis of which the taxable income is computed under subtitle A. “Taxable year” means, in the case of a return made for a fractional part of a year under the provisions of subtitle A or under regulations prescribed by the Secretary, the period for which such return is made.
Amended 1976
- 1976 Pub. L. 94-455 Pub. L. 94–455, § 1906(b)(13)(A), struck out “or his delegate” after “Secretary” wherever appearing.
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(24) Fiscal year The term “fiscal year” means an accounting period of 12 months ending on the last day of any month other than December.
(25) Paid or incurred, paid or accrued The terms “paid or incurred” and “paid or accrued” shall be construed according to the method of accounting upon the basis of which the taxable income is computed under subtitle A.
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(26) Trade or business The term “trade or business” includes the performance of the functions of a public office.
(27) Tax Court The term “Tax Court” means the United States Tax Court.
Amended 1969
- 1969 Pub. L. 91-172 Pub. L. 91–172, § 960(j), substituted “United States Tax Court” for “Tax Court of the United States”.
(28) Other terms Any term used in this subtitle with respect to the application of, or in connection with, the provisions of any other subtitle of this title shall have the same meaning as in such provisions.
(29) Internal Revenue Code The term “Internal Revenue Code of 1986” means this title, and the term “Internal Revenue Code of 1939” means the Internal Revenue Code enacted February 10, 1939, as amended.
Amended 1988
- 1988 Pub. L. 100-647 Pub. L. 100–647, § 1(c), substituted “Internal Revenue Code of 1986” for “Internal Revenue Code of 1954”.
(30) United States person The term “United States person” means—
Amended 1962
- 1962 Pub. L. 87-834 Pub. L. 87–834, § 7(h), added pars. (30), (31).
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(A) a citizen or resident of the United States,
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(B) a domestic partnership,
(C) a domestic corporation,
Amended 1996
- 1996 Pub. L. 104-188 Pub. L. 104–188, § 1907(a)(1), struck out “and” at end of subpar. (C), added subpars. (D) and (E), and struck out former subpar. (D) which read as follows: “any estate or trust (other than a foreign estate or foreign trust, within the meaning of section 7701(a)(31)).”
(D) any estate (other than a foreign estate, within the meaning of paragraph (31)), and
Amended 1996
- 1996 Pub. L. 104-188 Pub. L. 104–188, § 1907(a)(1), struck out “and” at end of subpar. (C), added subpars. (D) and (E), and struck out former subpar. (D) which read as follows: “any estate or trust (other than a foreign estate or foreign trust, within the meaning of section 7701(a)(31)).”
(E) any trust if—
(i) a court within the United States is able to exercise primary supervision over the administration of the trust, and
(ii) one or more United States persons have the authority to control all substantial decisions of the trust.
“Substantial decisions” is defined in Reg. § 301.7701-7(d)(1)(ii).
Amended 1997
- 1997 Pub. L. 105-34 Pub. L. 105–34, § 1601(i)(3)(A), substituted “persons” for “fiduciaries”.
Amended 1996
- 1996 Pub. L. 104-188 Pub. L. 104–188, § 1907(a)(1), struck out “and” at end of subpar. (C), added subpars. (D) and (E), and struck out former subpar. (D) which read as follows: “any estate or trust (other than a foreign estate or foreign trust, within the meaning of section 7701(a)(31)).”
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(31) Foreign estate or trust
Amended 1962, 1966, 1996
- 1996 Pub. L. 104-188 Pub. L. 104–188, § 1907(a)(2), reenacted heading without change and amended text generally. Prior to amendment, text read as follows: “The terms ‘foreign estate’ and ‘foreign trust’ mean an estate or trust, as the case may be, the income of which, from sources without the United States which is not effectively connected with the conduct of a trade or business within the United States, is not includible in gross income under subtitle A.”
- 1966 Pub. L. 89-809 Pub. L. 89–809 substituted “, from sources without the United States which is not effectively connected with the conduct of a trade or business within the United States,” for “from sources without the United States”.
- 1966 Pub. L. 89-368 Pub. L. 89–368 added par. (34).
- 1962 Pub. L. 87-834 Pub. L. 87–834, § 7(h), added pars. (30), (31).
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(A) Foreign estate The term “foreign estate” means an estate the income of which, from sources without the United States which is not effectively connected with the conduct of a trade or business within the United States, is not includible in gross income under subtitle A.
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(B) Foreign trust The term “foreign trust” means any trust other than a trust described in subparagraph (E) of paragraph (30).
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(32) Cooperative bank The term “cooperative bank” means an institution without capital stock organized and operated for mutual purposes and without profit, which—
(A) is subject by law to supervision and examination by State or Federal authority having supervision over such institutions, and
Amended 2018
- 2018 Pub. L. 115-141 Pub. L. 115–141, § 401(b)(55), amended subpar. (A) generally. Prior to amendment, subpar. (A) read as follows: “either—
“(i) is an insured institution within the meaning of section 401(a) of the National Housing Act (12 U.S.C., sec. 1724(a)), or
“(ii) is subject by law to supervision and examination by State or Federal authority having supervision over such institutions, and”.
(B) meets the requirements of subparagraphs (B) and (C) of paragraph (19) of this subsection (relating to definition of domestic building and loan association).
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In determining whether an institution meets the requirements referred to in subparagraph (B) of this paragraph, any reference to an association or to a domestic building and loan association contained in paragraph (19) shall be deemed to be a reference to such institution.
Amended 1962, 1969
- 1969 Pub. L. 91-172 Pub. L. 91–172, § 432(d), struck out references to subpars. (D), (E) and (F) and struck out “determined with the application of the second, third, and fourth sentences of paragraph (19).” in subpar. (B) and, in text following subpar. (B), struck out provisions relating to the deduction allowable for a reasonable addition to the reserve for bad debts.
- 1962 Pub. L. 87-870 Pub. L. 87–870 added par. (32).
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(33) Regulated public utility The term “regulated public utility” means—
Amended 1964, 1976
- 1976 Pub. L. 94-455 Pub. L. 94–455, § 1906(b)(13)(A), struck out “or his delegate” after “Secretary” wherever appearing.
- 1964 Pub. L. 88-272 Pub. L. 88–272 added par. (33).
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(A) A corporation engaged in the furnishing or sale of—
(i) electric energy, gas, water, or sewerage disposal services, or
(ii) transportation (not included in subparagraph (C)) on an intrastate, suburban, municipal, or interurban electric railroad, on an intrastate, municipal, or suburban trackless trolley system, or on a municipal or suburban bus system, or
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(iii) transportation (not included in clause (ii)) by motor vehicle—
if the rates for such furnishing or sale, as the case may be, have been established or approved by a State or political subdivision thereof, by an agency or instrumentality of the United States, by a public service or public utility commission or other similar body of the District of Columbia or of any State or political subdivision thereof, or by a foreign country or an agency or instrumentality or political subdivision thereof.
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(B) A corporation engaged as a common carrier in the furnishing or sale of transportation of gas by pipe line, if subject to the jurisdiction of the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission.
Amended 1995
- 1995 Pub. L. 104-88 Pub. L. 104–88, § 304(e)(1), substituted “Federal Energy Regulatory Commission” for “Federal Power Commission”.
(C) A corporation engaged as a common carrier (i) in the furnishing or sale of transportation by railroad, if subject to the jurisdiction of the Surface Transportation Board, or (ii) in the furnishing or sale of transportation of oil or other petroleum products (including shale oil) by pipe line, if subject to the jurisdiction of the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission or if the rates for such furnishing or sale are subject to the jurisdiction of a public service or public utility commission or other similar body of the District of Columbia or of any State.
Amended 1995
- 1995 Pub. L. 104-88 Pub. L. 104–88, § 304(e)(2), substituted “Surface Transportation Board” for “Interstate Commerce Commission”.
- 1995 Pub. L. 104-88 Pub. L. 104–88, § 304(e)(3), substituted “Federal Energy Regulatory Commission” for “Interstate Commerce Commission”.
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(D) A corporation engaged in the furnishing or sale of telephone or telegraph service, if the rates for such furnishing or sale meet the requirements of subparagraph (A).
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(E) A corporation engaged in the furnishing or sale of transportation as a common carrier by air, subject to the jurisdiction of the Secretary of Transportation.
Amended 1984
- 1984 Pub. L. 98-443 Pub. L. 98–443 substituted “Secretary of Transportation” for “Civil Aeronautics Board”.
(F) A corporation engaged in the furnishing or sale of transportation by a water carrier subject to jurisdiction under subchapter II of chapter 135 of title 49.
Amended 1983, 1995
- 1995 Pub. L. 104-88 Pub. L. 104–88, § 304(e)(4), substituted “a water carrier subject to jurisdiction under subchapter II of chapter 135 of title 49” for “common carrier by water, subject to the jurisdiction of the Interstate Commerce Commission under subchapter III of chapter 105 of title 49, or subject to the jurisdiction of the Federal Maritime Board under the Intercoastal Shipping Act, 1933”.
- 1983 Pub. L. 97-449 Pub. L. 97–449, § 5(e)(1), substituted “subchapter III of chapter 105 of title 49” for “part III of the Interstate Commerce Act”.
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(G) A rail carrier subject to part A of subtitle IV of title 49, if (i) substantially all of its railroad properties have been leased to another such railroad corporation or corporations by an agreement or agreements entered into before January 1, 1954, (ii) each lease is for a term of more than 20 years, and (iii) at least 80 percent or more of its gross income (computed without regard to dividends and capital gains and losses) for the taxable year is derived from such leases and from sources described in subparagraphs (A) through (F), inclusive. For purposes of the preceding sentence, an agreement for lease of railroad properties entered into before January 1, 1954, shall be considered to be a lease including such term as the total number of years of such agreement may, unless sooner terminated, be renewed or continued under the terms of the agreement, and any such renewal or continuance under such agreement shall be considered part of the lease entered into before January 1, 1954.
Amended 1984, 1995
- 1995 Pub. L. 104-88 Pub. L. 104–88, § 304(e)(5), substituted “rail carrier subject to part A of subtitle IV” for “railroad corporation subject to subchapter I of chapter 105”.
- 1984 Pub. L. 98-216 Pub. L. 98–216 substituted “subchapter I of chapter 105 of title 49” for “part I of the Interstate Commerce Act”.
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(H) A common parent corporation which is a common carrier by railroad subject to part A of subtitle IV of title 49 if at least 80 percent of its gross income (computed without regard to capital gains or losses) is derived directly or indirectly from sources described in subparagraphs (A) through (F), inclusive. For purposes of the preceding sentence, dividends and interest, and income from leases described in subparagraph (G), received from a regulated public utility shall be considered as derived from sources described in subparagraphs (A) through (F), inclusive, if the regulated public utility is a member of an affiliated group (as defined in section 1504) which includes the common parent corporation.
Amended 1983, 1995
- 1995 Pub. L. 104-88 Pub. L. 104–88, § 304(e)(6), substituted “part A of subtitle IV” for “subchapter I of chapter 105”.
- 1983 Pub. L. 97-449 Pub. L. 97–449, § 5(e)(2), substituted “subchapter I of chapter 105 of title 49” for “part I of the Interstate Commerce Act”.
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The term “regulated public utility” does not (except as provided in subparagraphs (G) and (H)) include a corporation described in subparagraphs (A) through (F), inclusive, unless 80 percent or more of its gross income (computed without regard to dividends and capital gains and losses) for the taxable year is derived from sources described in subparagraphs (A) through (F), inclusive. If the taxpayer establishes to the satisfaction of the Secretary that (i) its revenue from regulated rates described in subparagraph (A) or (D) and its revenue derived from unregulated rates are derived from the operation of a single interconnected and coordinated system or from the operation of more than one such system, and (ii) the unregulated rates have been and are substantially as favorable to users and consumers as are the regulated rates, then such revenue from such unregulated rates shall be considered, for purposes of the preceding sentence, as income derived from sources described in subparagraph (A) or (D).
[(34) Repealed. Pub. L. 98–369, div. A, title IV, § 4112(b)(11), July 18, 1984, 98 Stat. 792]
Amended 1968, 1981, 1984
- 1984 Pub. L. 98-369 Pub. L. 98–369, § 412(b)(11), repealed par. (34) which defined estimated income tax in the case of an individual or a corporation as the estimated tax defined in section 6015(d) or 6154(c), respectively.
- 1981 Pub. L. 97-34 Pub. L. 97–34 substituted “section 6015(d)” for “section 6015(c)”.
- 1968 Pub. L. 90-364 Pub. L. 90–364 substituted “section 6154(c)” for “section 6016(b)”.
(35) Enrolled actuary The term “enrolled actuary” means a person who is enrolled by the Joint Board for the Enrollment of Actuaries established under subtitle C of the title III of the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974.
Amended 1974
- 1974 Pub. L. 93-406 Pub. L. 93–406 added par. (35).
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(36) Tax return preparer
Amended 1976, 2007
- 2007 Pub. L. 110-28 Pub. L. 110–28, § 8246(a)(1)(A), which directed the striking out of “income” in heading, was executed by substituting “Tax” for “Income tax” to reflect the probable intent of Congress.
- 2007 Pub. L. 110-28 Pub. L. 110–28, § 8246(a)(1)(A), struck out “income” before “tax return preparer” in subpar. (A) and in introductory provisions of subpar. (B).
- 1976 Pub. L. 94-455 Pub. L. 94–455, § 1203(a), added par. (36).
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(A) In general The term “tax return preparer” means any person who prepares for compensation, or who employs one or more persons to prepare for compensation, any return of tax imposed by this title or any claim for refund of tax imposed by this title. For purposes of the preceding sentence, the preparation of a substantial portion of a return or claim for refund shall be treated as if it were the preparation of such return or claim for refund.
Amended 2007
- 2007 Pub. L. 110-28 Pub. L. 110–28, § 8246(a)(1)(B), substituted “this title” for “subtitle A” in two places.
(B) Exceptions A person shall not be a “tax return preparer” merely because such person—
Amended 2018
- 2018 Pub. L. 115-141 Pub. L. 115–141, § 401(a)(331), substituted “shall not be a” for “shall not be an” in introductory provisions.
(i) furnishes typing, reproducing, or other mechanical assistance,
(ii) prepares a return or claim for refund of the employer (or of an officer or employee of the employer) by whom he is regularly and continuously employed,
(iii) prepares as a fiduciary a return or claim for refund for any person, or
Amended 1978
- 1978 Pub. L. 95-600 Pub. L. 95–600, § 701(cc)(2), substituted “prepares as a fiduciary a return or claim for refund for any person, or” for “prepares a return or claim for refund for any trust or estate with respect to which he is a fiduciary, or”.
(iv) prepares a claim for refund for a taxpayer in response to any notice of deficiency issued to such taxpayer or in response to any waiver of restriction after the commencement of an audit of such taxpayer or another taxpayer if a determination in such audit of such other taxpayer directly or indirectly affects the tax liability of such taxpayer.
(37) Individual retirement plan The term “individual retirement plan” means—
Amended 1978, 1984
- 1984 Pub. L. 98-369 Pub. L. 98–369, § 491(d)(53), struck out subpar. (C) which included a retirement bond described in section 409 within the term “individual plan”.
- 1978 Pub. L. 95-600 Pub. L. 95–600, § 157(k)(2), added par. (37).
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(A) an individual retirement account described in section 408(a), and
(B) an individual retirement annuity described in section 408(b).
(38) Joint return The term “joint return” means a single return made jointly under section 6013 by a husband and wife.
Amended 1982, 1983
- 1983 Pub. L. 97-448 Pub. L. 97–448, § 306(b)(3), redesignated par. (38), as added by Pub. L. 97–248, § 336(a), relating to persons residing outside the United States, as (39).
- 1982 Pub. L. 97-248 Pub. L. 97–248, § 201(d)(10), formerly § 201(c)(10), added par. (38) relating to joint return.
- 1982 Pub. L. 97-248 Pub. L. 97–248, § 336(a), added par. (38) relating to persons residing outside the United States.
(39) Persons residing outside United States If any citizen or resident of the United States does not reside in (and is not found in) any United States judicial district, such citizen or resident shall be treated as residing in the District of Columbia for purposes of any provision of this title relating to—
Amended 1983
- 1983 Pub. L. 97-448 Pub. L. 97–448, § 306(b)(3), redesignated par. (38), as added by Pub. L. 97–248, § 336(a), relating to persons residing outside the United States, as (39).
(A) jurisdiction of courts, or
(B) enforcement of summons.
(40) Indian tribal government
(A) In general The term “Indian tribal government” means the governing body of any tribe, band, community, village, or group of Indians, or (if applicable) Alaska Natives, which is determined by the Secretary, after consultation with the Secretary of the Interior, to exercise governmental functions.
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(B) Special rule for Alaska Natives No determination under subparagraph (A) with respect to Alaska Natives shall grant or defer any status or powers other than those enumerated in section 7871. Nothing in the Indian Tribal Governmental Tax Status Act of 1982, or in the amendments made thereby, shall validate or invalidate any claim by Alaska Natives of sovereign authority over lands or people.
Amended 1983
- 1983 Pub. L. 97-473 Pub. L. 97–473 added par. (40).
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(41) TIN The term “TIN” means the identifying number assigned to a person under section 6109.
Amended 1983
- 1983 Pub. L. 98-67 Pub. L. 98–67, § 104(d)(1), added par. (41).
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(42) Substituted basis property The term “substituted basis property” means property which is—
Amended 1984
- 1984 Pub. L. 98-369 Pub. L. 98–369, § 43(a)(1), added pars. (42) to (45).
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(43) Transferred basis property The term “transferred basis property” means property having a basis determined under any provision of subtitle A (or under any corresponding provision of prior income tax law) providing that the basis shall be determined in whole or in part by reference to the basis in the hands of the donor, grantor, or other transferor.
Amended 1984
- 1984 Pub. L. 98-369 Pub. L. 98–369, § 43(a)(1), added pars. (42) to (45).
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(44) Exchanged basis property The term “exchanged basis property” means property having a basis determined under any provision of subtitle A (or under any corresponding provision of prior income tax law) providing that the basis shall be determined in whole or in part by reference to other property held at any time by the person for whom the basis is to be determined.
Amended 1984
- 1984 Pub. L. 98-369 Pub. L. 98–369, § 43(a)(1), added pars. (42) to (45).
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(45) Nonrecognition transaction The term “nonrecognition transaction” means any disposition of property in a transaction in which gain or loss is not recognized in whole or in part for purposes of subtitle A.
Amended 1984
- 1984 Pub. L. 98-369 Pub. L. 98–369, § 43(a)(1), added pars. (42) to (45).
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(46) Determination of whether there is a collective bargaining agreement In determining whether there is a collective bargaining agreement between employee representatives and 1 or more employers, the term “employee representatives” shall not include any organization more than one-half of the members of which are employees who are owners, officers, or executives of the employer. An agreement shall not be treated as a collective bargaining agreement unless it is a bona fide agreement between bona fide employee representatives and 1 or more employers.
Amended 1984, 1986
- 1986 Pub. L. 99-514 Pub. L. 99–514, § 1137, inserted last sentence.
- 1984 Pub. L. 98-369 Pub. L. 98–369, § 526(c)(1), added par. (46).
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[(47) Repealed. Pub. L. 111–312, title III, § 301(a), Dec. 17, 2010, 124 Stat. 3300]
Amended 2001, 2010
- 2010 Pub. L. 111-312 Pub. L. 111–312 amended subsec. (a) to read as if amendment by Pub. L. 107–16, § 542(e)(3), had never been enacted.
- 2001 Pub. L. 107-16 Pub. L. 107–16, § 542(e)(3), added par. (47) which defined the term “executor”.
(48) Off-highway vehicles
Amended 2004
- 2004 Pub. L. 108-357 Pub. L. 108–357, § 852(a), added par. (48).
(A) Off-highway transportation vehicles
(i) In general A vehicle shall not be treated as a highway vehicle if such vehicle is specially designed for the primary function of transporting a particular type of load other than over the public highway and because of this special design such vehicle’s capability to transport a load over the public highway is substantially limited or impaired.
“Substantially” implies facts and circumstances. No regulation cites this provision (eCFR, Oct 19, 2026)
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(ii) Determination of vehicle’s design For purposes of clause (i), a vehicle’s design is determined solely on the basis of its physical characteristics.
(iii) Determination of substantial limitation or impairment For purposes of clause (i), in determining whether substantial limitation or impairment exists, account may be taken of factors such as the size of the vehicle, whether such vehicle is subject to the licensing, safety, and other requirements applicable to highway vehicles, and whether such vehicle can transport a load at a sustained speed of at least 25 miles per hour. It is immaterial that a vehicle can transport a greater load off the public highway than such vehicle is permitted to transport over the public highway.
(B) Nontransportation trailers and semitrailers A trailer or semitrailer shall not be treated as a highway vehicle if it is specially designed to function only as an enclosed stationary shelter for the carrying on of an off-highway function at an off-highway site.
(49) Qualified blood collector organization The term “qualified blood collector organization” means an organization which is—
(A) described in section 501(c)(3) and exempt from tax under section 501(a),
(B) primarily engaged in the activity of the collection of human blood,
(C) registered with the Secretary for purposes of excise tax exemptions, and
(D) registered by the Food and Drug Administration to collect blood.
Amended 2006
- 2006 Pub. L. 109-280 Pub. L. 109–280, § 1207(f), added par. (49). See Codification note above.
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(50) Termination of United States citizenship
Amended 2008
- 2008 Pub. L. 110-245 Pub. L. 110–245, § 301(c)(1), added par. (50).
(A) In general An individual shall not cease to be treated as a United States citizen before the date on which the individual’s citizenship is treated as relinquished under section 877A(g)(4).
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(B) Dual citizens Under regulations prescribed by the Secretary, subparagraph (A) shall not apply to an individual who became at birth a citizen of the United States and a citizen of another country.
(51) Prohibited foreign entity
Amended 2025
- 2025 Pub. L. 119-21 Pub. L. 119–21 added pars. (51) and (52).
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(A) In general
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(i) Definition The term “prohibited foreign entity” means a specified foreign entity or a foreign-influenced entity.
(ii) Determination
(I) In general Subject to subclause (II), for any taxable year, the determination as to whether an entity is a specified foreign entity or foreign-influenced entity shall be made as of the last day of such taxable year.
(II) Initial taxable year For purposes of the first taxable year beginning after the date of enactment of this paragraph, the determination as to whether an entity is a specified foreign entity described in clauses (i) through (iv) of subparagraph (B) shall be made as of the first day of such taxable year.
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(B) Specified foreign entity For purposes of this paragraph, the term “specified foreign entity” means—
(i) a foreign entity of concern described in subparagraph (A), (B), (D), or (E) of section 9901(8) of the William M. (Mac) Thornberry National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2021 (Public Law 116–283; 15 U.S.C. 4651),
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(ii) an entity identified as a Chinese military company operating in the United States in accordance with section 1260H of the William M. (Mac) Thornberry National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2021 (Public Law 116–283; 10 U.S.C. 113 note),
(iii) an entity included on a list required by clause (i), (ii), (iv), or (v) of section 2(d)(2)(B) of Public Law 117–78 (135 Stat. 1527),
(iv) an entity specified under section 154(b) of the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2024 (Public Law 118–31; 10 U.S.C. note prec. 4651), or
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(v) a foreign-controlled entity. needs § 7701(a)(51)(C)
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(C) Foreign-controlled entity For purposes of subparagraph (B), the term “foreign-controlled entity” means—
(i) the government (including any level of government below the national level) of a covered nation,
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(ii) an agency or instrumentality of a government described in clause (i),
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(iii) a person who is a citizen or national of a covered nation, provided that such person is not an individual who is a citizen, national, or lawful permanent resident of the United States,
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(iv) an entity or a qualified business unit (as defined in section 989(a)) incorporated or organized under the laws of, or having its principal place of business in, a covered nation, or
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(v) an entity (including subsidiary entities) controlled (as determined under subparagraph (G)) by an entity described in clause (i), (ii), (iii), or (iv).
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(D) Foreign-influenced entity
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(i) In general For purposes of subparagraph (A), the term “foreign-influenced entity” means an entity—
(I) with respect to which, during the taxable year—
(aa) a specified foreign entity has the direct authority to appoint a covered officer of such entity,
(bb) a single specified foreign entity owns at least 25 percent of such entity,
(cc) one or more specified foreign entities own in the aggregate at least 40 percent of such entity, or
(dd) at least 15 percent of the debt of such entity has been issued, in the aggregate, to 1 or more specified foreign entities, or
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(II) which, during the previous taxable year, made a payment to a specified foreign entity pursuant to a contract, agreement, or other arrangement which entitles such specified foreign entity (or an entity related to such specified foreign entity) to exercise effective control over—
(aa) any qualified facility or energy storage technology of the taxpayer (or any person related to the taxpayer), or
(bb) with respect to any eligible component produced by the taxpayer (or any person related to the taxpayer)—
(AA) the extraction, processing, or recycling of any applicable critical mineral, or
(BB) the production of an eligible component which is not an applicable critical mineral.
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(ii) Effective control
(I) In general
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(aa) General rule Subject to subclause (II), for purposes of clause (i)(II), the term “effective control” means 1 or more agreements or arrangements similar to those described in subclauses (II) and (III) which provide 1 or more contractual counterparties of a taxpayer with specific authority over key aspects of the production of eligible components, energy generation in a qualified facility, or energy storage which are not included in the measures of control through authority, ownership, or debt held which are described in clause (i)(I).
(bb) Guidance The Secretary shall issue such guidance as is necessary to carry out the purposes of this clause, including the establishment of rules to prevent entities from evading, circumventing, or abusing the application of the restrictions described subparagraph (C) and subclauses (II) and (III) of this clause through a contract, agreement, or other arrangement.
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(II) Application of rules prior to issuance of guidance During any period prior to the date that the guidance described in subclause (I)(bb) is issued by the Secretary, for purposes of clause (i)(II), the term “effective control” means the unrestricted contractual right of a contractual counterparty to—
(aa) determine the quantity or timing of production of an eligible component produced by the taxpayer,
(bb) determine the amount or timing of activities related to the production of electricity undertaken at a qualified facility of the taxpayer or the storage of electrical energy in energy storage technology of the taxpayer,
(cc) determine which entity may purchase or use the output of a production unit of the taxpayer that produces eligible components,
(dd) determine which entity may purchase or use the output of a qualified facility of the taxpayer,
(ee) restrict access to data critical to production or storage of energy undertaken at a qualified facility of the taxpayer, or to the site of production or any part of a qualified facility or energy storage technology of the taxpayer, to the personnel or agents of such contractual counterparty, or
(ff) on an exclusive basis, maintain, repair, or operate any plant or equipment which is necessary to the production by the taxpayer of eligible components or electricity.
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(III) Licensing and other agreements
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(aa) In general In addition to subclause (II), for purposes of clause (i)(II), the term “effective control” means, with respect to a licensing agreement for the provision of intellectual property (or any other contract, agreement or other arrangement entered into with a contractual counterparty related to such licensing agreement) with respect to a qualified facility, energy storage technology, or the production of an eligible component, any of the following:
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(AA) A contractual right retained by the contractual counterparty to specify or otherwise direct 1 or more sources of components, subcomponents, or applicable critical minerals utilized in a qualified facility, energy storage technology, or in the production of an eligible component.
(BB) A contractual right retained by the contractual counterparty to direct the operation of any qualified facility, any energy storage technology, or any production unit that produces an eligible component.
(CC) A contractual right retained by the contractual counterparty to limit the taxpayer’s utilization of intellectual property related to the operation of a qualified facility or energy storage technology, or in the production of an eligible component.
(DD) A contractual right retained by the contractual counterparty to receive royalties under the licensing agreement or any similar agreement (or payments under any related agreement) beyond the 10th year of the agreement (including modifications or extensions thereof).
(EE) A contractual right retained by the contractual counterparty to direct or otherwise require the taxpayer to enter into an agreement for the provision of services for a duration longer than 2 years (including any modifications or extensions thereof).
(FF) Such contract, agreement, or other arrangement does not provide the licensee with all the technical data, information, and know-how necessary to enable the licensee to produce the eligible component or components subject to the contract, agreement, or other arrangement without further involvement from the contractual counterparty or a specified foreign entity.
(GG) Such contract, agreement, or other arrangement was entered into (or modified) on or after the date of enactment of this paragraph.
(bb) Exception
(AA) In general Item (aa) shall not apply in the case of a bona fide purchase or sale of intellectual property.
(BB) Bona fide purchase or sale For purposes of item (aa), any purchase or sale of intellectual property where the agreement provides that ownership of the intellectual property reverts to the contractual counterparty after a period of time shall not be considered a bona-fide purchase or sale.
(IV) Persons related to the taxpayer For purposes of subclauses (I), (II), and (III), the term “taxpayer” shall include any person related to the taxpayer.
(V) Contractual counterparty For purposes of this clause, the term “contractual counterparty” means an entity with which the taxpayer has entered into a contract, agreement, or other arrangement.
(iii) Guidance Not later than December 31, 2026, the Secretary shall issue such guidance as is necessary to carry out the purposes of this subparagraph, including establishment of rules to prevent entities from evading, circumventing, or abusing the application of the restrictions against impermissible technology licensing arrangements with specified foreign entities, such as through temporary transfers of intellectual property, retention by a specified foreign entity of a reversionary interest in transferred intellectual property, or otherwise.
(E) Publicly traded entities
(i) In general
(I) Nonapplication of certain foreign-controlled entity rules Subparagraph (C)(v) shall not apply in the case of any entity the securities of which are regularly traded on—
(aa) a national securities exchange which is registered with the Securities and Exchange Commission,
(bb) the national market system established pursuant to section 11A of the Securities and [OLRC note: So in original. The word “and” probably should not appear.] Exchange Act of 1934, or
(cc) any other exchange or other market which the Secretary has determined in guidance issued under section 1296(e)(1)(A)(ii) has rules adequate to carry out the purposes of part VI of subchapter P of chapter 1 of subtitle A.
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(II) Nonapplication of certain foreign-influenced entity rules Subparagraph (D)(i)(I) shall not apply in the case of any entity—
(aa) the securities of which are regularly traded in a manner described in subclause (I), or
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(III) Exclusion of exchanges or markets in covered nations Subclause (I)(cc) shall not apply with respect to any exchange or market which—
(aa) is incorporated or organized under the laws of a covered nation, or
(bb) has its principal place of business in a covered nation.
(ii) Additional foreign-controlled entity requirements for publicly traded companies In the case of an entity described in clause (i)(I), such entity shall be deemed to be a foreign-controlled entity under subparagraph (C)(v) if such entity is controlled (as determined under subparagraph (G)) by—
(I) 1 or more specified foreign entities (as determined without regard to subparagraph (B)(v)) that are each required to report their beneficial ownership pursuant to a rule described in clause (iii)(I)(bb), or
(II) 1 or more foreign-controlled entities (as determined without regard to subparagraph (C)(v)) that are each required to report their beneficial ownership pursuant to a rule described in such clause.
(iii) Additional foreign-influenced entity requirements for publicly traded companies In the case of an entity described in clause (i)(II), such entity shall be deemed to be a foreign-influenced entity under subparagraph (D)(i)(I) if—
(I) during the taxable year—
(aa) a specified foreign entity has the authority to appoint a covered officer of such entity,
(bb) a single specified foreign entity required to report its beneficial ownership under Rule 13d-3 of the Securities and 1 Exchange Act of 1934 (or, in the case of an exchange or market described in clause (i)(I)(cc), an equivalent rule) owns not less than 25 percent of such entity, or
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(cc) 1 or more specified foreign entities that are each required to report their beneficial ownership under Rule 13d-3 of the Securities and 1 Exchange Act of 1934 own, in the aggregate, not less than 40 percent of such entity, or
(II) such entity has issued debt, as part of an original issuance, in excess of 15 percent of its publicly-traded debt to 1 or more specified foreign entities.
(F) Covered officer For purposes of this paragraph, the term “covered officer” means, with respect to an entity—
(i) a member of the board of directors, board of supervisors, or equivalent governing body,
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(ii) an executive-level officer, including the president, chief executive officer, chief operating officer, chief financial officer, general counsel, or senior vice president, or
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(iii) an individual having powers or responsibilities similar to those of officers or members described in clause (i) or (ii).
(G) Determination of control For purposes of subparagraph (C)(v), the term “control” means—
(i) in the case of a corporation, ownership (by vote or value) of more than 50 percent of the stock in such corporation,
(ii) in the case of a partnership, ownership of more than 50 percent of the profits interests or capital interests in such partnership, or
(iii) in any other case, ownership of more than 50 percent of the beneficial interests in the entity.
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(H) Determination of ownership For purposes of this paragraph, section 318(a)(2) shall apply for purposes of determining ownership of stock in a corporation. Similar principles shall apply for purposes of determining ownership of interests in any other entity.
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(I) Other definitions For purposes of this paragraph—
(i) Applicable critical mineral The term “applicable critical mineral” has the same meaning given such term under section 45X(c)(6).
(ii) Covered nation The term “covered nation” has the same meaning given such term under section 4872(f)(2) of title 10, United States Code.
(iii) Eligible component The term “eligible component” has the same meaning given such term under section 45X(c)(1).
(iv) Energy storage technology The term “energy storage technology” has the same meaning given such term under section 48E(c)(2).
(v) Qualified facility The term “qualified facility” means—
(I) a qualified facility, as defined in section 45Y(b)(1), and
(II) a qualified facility, as defined in section 48E(b)(3).
(vi) Related The term “related” shall have the same meaning given such term under sections 267(b) and 707(b).
(J) Beginning of construction For purposes of applying any provision under this paragraph, the beginning of construction with respect to any property shall be determined pursuant to rules similar to the rules under Internal Revenue Service Notice 2013–29 and Internal Revenue Service Notice 2018-59 (as well as any subsequently issued guidance clarifying, modifying, or updating either such Notice), as in effect on January 1, 2025.
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(K) Regulations and guidance The Secretary may prescribe such regulations and guidance as may be necessary or appropriate to carry out the provisions of this paragraph, including rules to prevent the circumvention of any rules or restrictions with respect to prohibited foreign entities.
(52) Material assistance from a prohibited foreign entity
Amended 2025
- 2025 Pub. L. 119-21 Pub. L. 119–21 added pars. (51) and (52).
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(A) In general The term “material assistance from a prohibited foreign entity” means—
(i) with respect to any qualified facility or energy storage technology, a material assistance cost ratio which is less than the threshold percentage applicable under subparagraph (B), or
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(ii) with respect to any facility which produces eligible components, a material assistance cost ratio which is less than the threshold percentage applicable under subparagraph (C).
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(B) Threshold percentage for qualified facilities and energy storage technology For purposes of subparagraph (A)(i), the threshold percentage shall be—
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(C) Threshold percentage for eligible components
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(i) In general For purposes of subparagraph (A)(ii), the threshold percentage shall be—
(I) in the case of any solar energy component (as such term is defined in section 45X(c)(3)(A)) which is sold—
(aa) during calendar year 2026, 50 percent,
(bb) during calendar year 2027, 60 percent,
(cc) during calendar year 2028, 70 percent,
(dd) during calendar year 2029, 80 percent, and
(ee) after December 31, 2029, 85 percent,
(II) in the case of any wind energy component (as such term is defined in section 45X(c)(4)(A)) which is sold—
(aa) during calendar year 2026, 85 percent, and
(bb) during calendar year 2027, 90 percent,
(III) in the case of any inverter described in subparagraphs (B) through (G) of section 45X(c)(2) which is sold—
(aa) during calendar year 2026, 50 percent,
(bb) during calendar year 2027, 55 percent,
(cc) during calendar year 2028, 60 percent,
(dd) during calendar year 2029, 65 percent, and
(ee) after December 31, 2029, 70 percent,
(IV) in the case of any qualifying battery component (as such term is defined in section 45X(c)(5)(A)) which is sold—
(aa) during calendar year 2026, 60 percent,
(bb) during calendar year 2027, 65 percent,
(cc) during calendar year 2028, 70 percent,
(dd) during calendar year 2029, 80 percent, and
(ee) after December 31, 2029, 85 percent, and
(V) subject to clause (ii), in the case of any applicable critical mineral (as such term is defined in section 45X(c)(6)) which is sold—
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(aa) after December 31, 2025, and before January 1, 2030, 0 percent,
(bb) during calendar year 2030, 25 percent,
(cc) during calendar year 2031, 30 percent,
(dd) during calendar year 2032, 40 percent, and
(ee) after December 31, 2032, 50 percent.
(ii) Adjusted threshold percentage for applicable critical minerals Not later than December 31, 2027, the Secretary shall issue threshold percentages for each of the applicable critical minerals described in section 45X(c)(6)), [OLRC note: So in original. The second closing parenthesis preceding the comma probably should not appear.] which shall—
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(I) apply in lieu of the threshold percentage determined under clause (i)(V) for each calendar year, and
(II) equal or exceed the threshold percentage which would otherwise apply with respect to such applicable critical mineral under such clause for such calendar year, taking into account—
(aa) domestic geographic availability,
(bb) supply chain constraints,
(cc) domestic processing capacity needs, and
(dd) national security concerns.
(D) Material assistance cost ratio
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(i) Qualified facilities and energy storage technology For purposes of subparagraph (A)(i), the term “material assistance cost ratio” means the amount (expressed as a percentage) equal to the quotient of—
(I) an amount equal to—
(aa) the total direct costs to the taxpayer attributable to all manufactured products (including components) which are incorporated into the qualified facility or energy storage technology upon completion of construction, minus
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(bb) the total direct costs to the taxpayer attributable to all manufactured products (including components) which are—
(AA) incorporated into the qualified facility or energy storage technology upon completion of construction, and
(BB) mined, produced, or manufactured by a prohibited foreign entity, divided by
(II) the amount described in subclause (I)(aa).
(ii) Eligible components For purposes of subparagraph (A)(ii), the term “material assistance cost ratio” means the amount (expressed as a percentage) equal to the quotient of—
(I) an amount equal to—
(aa) with respect to an eligible component, the total direct material costs that are paid or incurred (within the meaning of section 461 and any regulations issued under section 263A) by the taxpayer for production of such eligible component, minus
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(bb) with respect to an eligible component, the total direct material costs that are paid or incurred (within the meaning of section 461 and any regulations issued under section 263A) by the taxpayer for production of such eligible component that are mined, produced, or manufactured by a prohibited foreign entity, divided by
(II) the amount described in subclause (I)(aa).
(iii) Safe harbor tables
(I) In general Not later than December 31, 2026, the Secretary shall issue safe harbor tables (and such other guidance as deemed necessary) to—
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(aa) identify the percentage of total direct costs of any manufactured product which is attributable to a prohibited foreign entity,
(bb) identify the percentage of total direct material costs of any eligible component which is attributable to a prohibited foreign entity, and
(cc) provide all rules necessary to determine the amount of a taxpayer’s material assistance from a prohibited foreign entity within the meaning of this paragraph.
(II) Safe harbors prior to issuance For purposes of this paragraph, prior to the date on which the Secretary issues the safe harbor tables described in subclause (I), and for construction of a qualified facility or energy storage technology which begins on or before the date which is 60 days after the date of issuance of such tables, a taxpayer may—
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(aa) use the tables included in Internal Revenue Service Notice 2025–08 to establish the percentage of the total direct costs of any listed eligible component and any manufactured product, and
(bb) rely on a certification by the supplier of the manufactured product, eligible component, or constituent element, material, or subcomponent of an eligible component—
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(AA) of the total direct costs or the total direct material costs, as applicable, of such product or component that was not produced or manufactured by a prohibited foreign entity, or
(BB) that such product or component was not produced or manufactured by a prohibited foreign entity.
(III) Exception Notwithstanding subclauses (I) and (II)—
(aa) if the taxpayer knows (or has reason to know) that a manufactured product or eligible component was produced or manufactured by a prohibited foreign entity, the taxpayer shall treat all direct costs with respect to such manufactured product, or all direct material costs with respect to such eligible component, as attributable to a prohibited foreign entity, and
(bb) if the taxpayer knows (or has reason to know) that the certification referred to in subclause (II)(bb) pertaining to a manufactured product or eligible component is inaccurate, the taxpayer may not rely on such certification.
(IV) Certification requirement In a manner consistent with Treasury Regulation section 1.45X–4(c)(4)(i) (as in effect on the date of enactment of this paragraph), the certification referred to in subclause (II)(bb) shall—
(aa) include—
(AA) the supplier’s employer identification number, or
(BB) any such similar identification number issued by a foreign government,
(bb) be signed under penalties of perjury,
(cc) be retained by the supplier and the taxpayer for a period of not less than 6 years and shall be provided to the Secretary upon request, and
(dd) be from the supplier from which the taxpayer purchased any manufactured product, eligible component, or constituent elements, materials, or subcomponents of an eligible component, stating—
(AA) that such property was not produced or manufactured by a prohibited foreign entity and that the supplier does not know (or have reason to know) that any prior supplier in the chain of production of that property is a prohibited foreign entity,
(BB) for purposes of section 45X, the total direct material costs for each component, constituent element, material, or subcomponent that were not produced or manufactured by a prohibited foreign entity, or
(CC) for purposes of section 45Y or section 48E, the total direct costs attributable to all manufactured products that were not produced or manufactured by a prohibited foreign entity.
(iv) Existing contract Upon the election of the taxpayer (in such form and manner as the Secretary shall designate), in the case of any manufactured product, eligible component, or constituent element, material, or subcomponent of an eligible component which is—
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(I) acquired by the taxpayer, or manufactured or assembled by or for the taxpayer, pursuant to a binding written contract which was entered into prior to June 16, 2025, and
(aa) placed into service before January 1, 2030 (or, in the case of an applicable facility, as defined in section 45Y(d)(4)(B), before January 1, 2028) in a facility the construction of which began before August 1, 2025, or
(bb) in the case of a constituent element, material, or subcomponent, used in a product sold before January 1, 2030,
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the cost to the taxpayer with respect to such product, component, element, material, or subcomponent shall not be included for purposes of determining the material assistance cost ratio under this subparagraph.
(v) Anti-circumvention rules The Secretary shall prescribe such regulations and guidance as may be necessary or appropriate to prevent circumvention of the rules under this subparagraph, including prevention of—
(I) any abuse of the exception provided under clause (iv) through the stockpiling of any manufactured product, eligible component, or constituent element, material, or subcomponent of an eligible component during any period prior to the application of the requirements under this paragraph, or
(II) any evasion with respect to the requirements of this subparagraph where the facts and circumstances demonstrate that the beginning of construction of a qualified facility or energy storage technology has not in fact occurred.
(E) Other definitions For purposes of this paragraph—
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(i) Eligible component The term “eligible component” means—
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(I) any property described in section 45X(c)(1), or
(II) any component which is identified by the Secretary pursuant to regulations or guidance issued under subparagraph (G).
(ii) Energy storage technology The term “energy storage technology” has the same meaning given such term under section 48E(c)(2).
(iii) Manufactured product The term “manufactured product” means—
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(I) a manufactured product which is a component of a qualified facility, as described in section 45Y(g)(11)(B) and any guidance issued thereunder, or
(II) any product which is identified by the Secretary pursuant to regulations or guidance issued under subparagraph (G).
(iv) Qualified facility The term “qualified facility” means—
(I) a qualified facility, as defined in section 45Y(b)(1),
(II) a qualified facility, as defined in section 48E(b)(3), and
(III) any qualified interconnection property (as defined in section 48E(b)(4)) which is part of the qualified investment with respect to a qualified facility (as described in section 48E(b)(1)).
(F) Determination of ownership; beginning of construction Rules similar to the rules under subparagraphs (H) and (J) of paragraph (51) shall apply for purposes of this paragraph.
(G) Regulations and guidance The Secretary may prescribe such regulations and guidance as may be necessary or appropriate to carry out the provisions of this paragraph, including—
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(i) identification of components or products for purposes of clauses (i) and (iii) of subparagraph (E), and
(ii) for purposes of subparagraph (A)(ii), rules to address facilities which produce more than one eligible component.
(b) Definition of resident alien and nonresident alien
Amended 1984
- 1984 Pub. L. 98-369 Pub. L. 98–369, § 138(a), added subsec. (b). Former subsec. (b), relating to includes and including, redesignated (c).
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(1) In general For purposes of this title (other than subtitle B)—
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(A) Resident alien An alien individual shall be treated as a resident of the United States with respect to any calendar year if (and only if) such individual meets the requirements of clause (i), (ii), or (iii):
Amended 1986
- 1986 Pub. L. 99-514 Pub. L. 99–514, § 1810(l)(2), substituted “the requirements of clause (i), (ii), or (iii)” for “the requirements of clause (i) or (ii)” in introductory provisions and added cl. (iii).
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(i) Lawfully admitted for permanent residence Such individual is a lawful permanent resident of the United States at any time during such calendar year.
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(ii) Substantial presence test Such individual meets the substantial presence test of paragraph (3).
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(iii) First year election Such individual makes the election provided in paragraph (4).
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(B) Nonresident alien An individual is a nonresident alien if such individual is neither a citizen of the United States nor a resident of the United States (within the meaning of subparagraph (A)).
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(2) Special rules for first and last year of residency
(A) First year of residency
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(i) In general If an alien individual is a resident of the United States under paragraph (1)(A) with respect to any calendar year, but was not a resident of the United States at any time during the preceding calendar year, such alien individual shall be treated as a resident of the United States only for the portion of such calendar year which begins on the residency starting date.
(ii) Residency starting date for individuals lawfully admitted for permanent residence In the case of an individual who is a lawfully permanent resident of the United States at any time during the calendar year, but does not meet the substantial presence test of paragraph (3), the residency starting date shall be the first day in such calendar year on which he was present in the United States while a lawful permanent resident of the United States.
(iii) Residency starting date for individuals meeting substantial presence test In the case of an individual who meets the substantial presence test of paragraph (3) with respect to any calendar year, the residency starting date shall be the first day during such calendar year on which the individual is present in the United States.
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(iv) Residency starting date for individuals making first year election In the case of an individual who makes the election provided by paragraph (4) with respect to any calendar year, the residency starting date shall be the 1st day during such calendar year on which the individual is treated as a resident of the United States under that paragraph.
Amended 1986
- 1986 Pub. L. 99-514 Pub. L. 99–514, § 1810(l)(3), added cl. (iv).
(B) Last year of residency An alien individual shall not be treated as a resident of the United States during a portion of any calendar year if—
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(i) such portion is after the last day in such calendar year on which the individual was present in the United States (or, in the case of an individual described in paragraph (1)(A)(i), the last day on which he was so described),
(ii) during such portion the individual has a closer connection to a foreign country than to the United States, and
(iii) the individual is not a resident of the United States at any time during the next calendar year.
(C) Certain nominal presence disregarded
(i) In general For purposes of subparagraphs (A)(iii) and (B), an individual shall not be treated as present in the United States during any period for which the individual establishes that he has a closer connection to a foreign country than to the United States.
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(ii) Not more than 10 days disregarded Clause (i) shall not apply to more than 10 days on which the individual is present in the United States.
(3) Substantial presence test
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(A) In general Except as otherwise provided in this paragraph, an individual meets the substantial presence test of this paragraph with respect to any calendar year (hereinafter in this subsection referred to as the “current year”) if—
(i) such individual was present in the United States on at least 31 days during the calendar year, and
(ii) the sum of the number of days on which such individual was present in the United States during the current year and the 2 preceding calendar years (when multiplied by the applicable multiplier determined under the following table) equals or exceeds 183 days: In the case of days in:The applicable multiplier is: Current year1 1st preceding year⅓ 2nd preceding year⅙
(B) Exception where individual is present in the United States during less than one-half of current year and closer connection to foreign country is established An individual shall not be treated as meeting the substantial presence test of this paragraph with respect to any current year if—
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(i) such individual is present in the United States on fewer than 183 days during the current year, and
(ii) it is established that for the current year such individual has a tax home (as defined in section 911(d)(3) without regard to the second sentence thereof) in a foreign country and has a closer connection to such foreign country than to the United States.
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(C) Subparagraph (B) not to apply in certain cases Subparagraph (B) shall not apply to any individual with respect to any current year if at any time during such year—
(i) such individual had an application for adjustment of status pending, or
(ii) such individual took other steps to apply for status as a lawful permanent resident of the United States.
(D) Exception for exempt individuals or for certain medical conditions An individual shall not be treated as being present in the United States on any day if—
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(i) such individual is an exempt individual for such day, or
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(ii) such individual was unable to leave the United States on such day because of a medical condition which arose while such individual was present in the United States.
(4) First-year election
Amended 1986
- 1986 Pub. L. 99-514 Pub. L. 99–514, § 1810(l)(4), added par. (4). Former par. (4) redesignated (5).
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(A) An alien individual shall be deemed to meet the requirements of this subparagraph if such individual—
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(i) is not a resident of the United States under clause (i) or (ii) of paragraph (1)(A) with respect to a calendar year (hereinafter referred to as the “election year”),
(ii) was not a resident of the United States under paragraph (1)(A) with respect to the calendar year immediately preceding the election year,
(iii) is a resident of the United States under clause (ii) of paragraph (1)(A) with respect to the calendar year immediately following the election year, and
(iv) is both—
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(I) present in the United States for a period of at least 31 consecutive days in the election year, and
(II) present in the United States during the period beginning with the first day of such 31-day period and ending with the last day of the election year (hereinafter referred to as the “testing period”) for a number of days equal to or exceeding 75 percent of the number of days in the testing period (provided that an individual shall be treated for purposes of this subclause as present in the United States for a number of days during the testing period not exceeding 5 days in the aggregate, notwithstanding his absence from the United States on such days).
(B) An alien individual who meets the requirements of subparagraph (A) shall, if he so elects, be treated as a resident of the United States with respect to the election year.
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(C) An alien individual who makes the election provided by subparagraph (B) shall be treated as a resident of the United States for the portion of the election year which begins on the 1st day of the earliest testing period during such year with respect to which the individual meets the requirements of clause (iv) of subparagraph (A).
(D) The rules of subparagraph (D)(i) of paragraph (3) shall apply for purposes of determining an individual’s presence in the United States under this paragraph.
(E) An election under subparagraph (B) shall be made on the individual’s tax return for the election year, provided that such election may not be made before the individual has met the substantial presence test of paragraph (3) with respect to the calendar year immediately following the election year.
(F) An election once made under subparagraph (B) remains in effect for the election year, unless revoked with the consent of the Secretary.
(5) Exempt individual defined For purposes of this subsection—
Amended 1986
- 1986 Pub. L. 99-514 Pub. L. 99–514, § 1810(l)(4), redesignated par. (4) as (5). Former par. (5) redesignated (6).
(A) In general An individual is an exempt individual for any day if, for such day, such individual is—
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(iii) a student, or needs § 7701(b)(5)(D)
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(iv) a professional athlete who is temporarily in the United States to compete in a sports event—
Amended 1986, 1988, 2017
- 2017 Pub. L. 115-97 Pub. L. 115–97, § 13304(a)(2)(F), amended cl. (iv) generally. Prior to amendment, cl. (iv) read as follows: “a professional athlete who is temporarily in the United States to compete in a charitable sports event described in section 274(l)(1)(B).”
- 1988 Pub. L. 100-647 Pub. L. 100–647, § 1018(g)(3), substituted “section 274(l)(1)(B)” for “section 274(k)(2)”.
- 1986 Pub. L. 99-514 Pub. L. 99–514, § 1810(l)(5)(A), which directed that cl. (iv) be added to subpar. (4)(A), was executed by adding cl. (iv) to subpar. (5)(A) to reflect the probable intent of Congress and the intervening redesignation of par. (4) as (5) by section 1810(l)(4) of Pub. L. 99–514.
(I) which is organized for the primary purpose of benefiting an organization which is described in section 501(c)(3) and exempt from tax under section 501(a),
(II) all of the net proceeds of which are contributed to such organization, and, [OLRC note: So in original. The comma probably should not appear.]
(III) which utilizes volunteers for substantially all of the work performed in carrying out such event.
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(B) Foreign government-related individual The term “foreign government-related individual” means any individual temporarily present in the United States by reason of—
(i) diplomatic status, or a visa which the Secretary (after consultation with the Secretary of State) determines represents full-time diplomatic or consular status for purposes of this subsection,
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(ii) being a full-time employee of an international organization, or
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(iii) being a member of the immediate family of an individual described in clause (i) or (ii).
(C) Teacher or trainee The term “teacher or trainee” means any individual—
(i) who is temporarily present in the United States under subparagraph (J) or (Q) of section 101(15) of the Immigration and Nationality Act (other than as a student), and
Amended 1994
- 1994 Pub. L. 103-296 Pub. L. 103–296 substituted “(J) or (Q)” for “(J)”.
(ii) who substantially complies with the requirements for being so present.
“Substantially” implies facts and circumstances. No regulation cites this provision (eCFR, Oct 19, 2026)
(D) Student The term “student” means any individual—
(i) who is temporarily present in the United States—
(I) under subparagraph (F) or (M) of section 101(15) of the Immigration and Nationality Act, or
Amended 1988
- 1988 Pub. L. 100-647 Pub. L. 100–647, § 1001(d)(2)(D), substituted “subparagraph (F) or (M)” for “subparagraph (F)”.
(II) as a student under subparagraph (J) or (Q) of such section 101(15), and
(ii) who substantially complies with the requirements for being so present.
“Substantially” implies facts and circumstances. No regulation cites this provision (eCFR, Oct 19, 2026)
“Substantially” implies facts and circumstances. No regulation cites this provision (eCFR, Oct 19, 2026)
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(E) Special rules for teachers, trainees, and students
(i) Limitation on teachers and trainees An individual shall not be treated as an exempt individual by reason of clause (ii) of subparagraph (A) for the current year if, for any 2 calendar years during the preceding 6 calendar years, such person was an exempt person under clause (ii) or (iii) of subparagraph (A). In the case of an individual all of whose compensation is described in section 872(b)(3), the preceding sentence shall be applied by substituting “4 calendar years” for “2 calendar years”.
Amended 1986
- 1986 Pub. L. 99-514 Pub. L. 99–514, § 1810(l)(1), inserted last sentence.
- 1986 Pub. L. 99-514 Pub. L. 99–514, § 1899A(63), substituted “preceding” for “preceeding”.
(ii) Limitation on students For any calendar year after the 5th calendar year for which an individual was an exempt individual under clause (ii) or (iii) of subparagraph (A), such individual shall not be treated as an exempt individual by reason of clause (iii) of subparagraph (A), unless such individual establishes to the satisfaction of the Secretary that such individual does not intend to permanently reside in the United States and that such individual meets the requirements of subparagraph (D)(ii).
(6) Lawful permanent resident For purposes of this subsection, an individual is a lawful permanent resident of the United States at any time if—
Amended 1986, 2008
- 2008 Pub. L. 110-245 Pub. L. 110–245, § 301(c)(2)(B), inserted concluding provisions.
- 1986 Pub. L. 99-514 Pub. L. 99–514, § 1810(l)(4), redesignated pars. (5) to (10) as pars. (6) to (11), respectively.
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(A) such individual has the status of having been lawfully accorded the privilege of residing permanently in the United States as an immigrant in accordance with the immigration laws, and
(B) such status has not been revoked (and has not been administratively or judicially determined to have been abandoned).
An individual shall cease to be treated as a lawful permanent resident of the United States if such individual commences to be treated as a resident of a foreign country under the provisions of a tax treaty between the United States and the foreign country, does not waive the benefits of such treaty applicable to residents of the foreign country, and notifies the Secretary of the commencement of such treatment.
(7) Presence in the United States For purposes of this subsection—
Amended 1986
- 1986 Pub. L. 99-514 Pub. L. 99–514, § 1810(l)(4), redesignated pars. (5) to (10) as pars. (6) to (11), respectively.
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(A) In general Except as provided in subparagraph (B), (C), or (D), an individual shall be treated as present in the United States on any day if such individual is physically present in the United States at any time during such day.
Amended 1997
- 1997 Pub. L. 105-34 Pub. L. 105–34, § 1174(b)(2), substituted “, (C), or (D)” for “or (C)”.
(B) Commuters from Canada or Mexico If an individual regularly commutes to employment (or self-employment) in the United States from a place of residence in Canada or Mexico, such individual shall not be treated as present in the United States on any day during which he so commutes.
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(C) Transit between 2 foreign points If an individual, who is in transit between 2 points outside the United States, is physically present in the United States for less than 24 hours, such individual shall not be treated as present in the United States on any day during such transit.
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(D) Crew members temporarily present An individual who is temporarily present in the United States on any day as a regular member of the crew of a foreign vessel engaged in transportation between the United States and a foreign country or a possession of the United States shall not be treated as present in the United States on such day unless such individual otherwise engages in any trade or business in the United States on such day.
Amended 1997
- 1997 Pub. L. 105-34 Pub. L. 105–34, § 1174(b)(1), added subpar. (D).
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(8) Annual statements The Secretary may prescribe regulations under which an individual who (but for subparagraph (B) or (D) of paragraph (3)) would meet the substantial presence test of paragraph (3) is required to submit an annual statement setting forth the basis on which such individual claims the benefits of subparagraph (B) or (D) of paragraph (3), as the case may be.
Amended 1986
- 1986 Pub. L. 99-514 Pub. L. 99–514, § 1810(l)(4), redesignated pars. (5) to (10) as pars. (6) to (11), respectively.
(9) Taxable year
Amended 1986
- 1986 Pub. L. 99-514 Pub. L. 99–514, § 1810(l)(4), redesignated pars. (5) to (10) as pars. (6) to (11), respectively.
(A) In general For purposes of this title, an alien individual who has not established a taxable year for any prior period shall be treated as having a taxable year which is the calendar year.
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(B) Fiscal year taxpayer If—
(i) an individual is treated under paragraph (1) as a resident of the United States for any calendar year, and
(ii) after the application of subparagraph (A), such individual has a taxable year other than a calendar year,
he shall be treated as a resident of the United States with respect to any portion of a taxable year which is within such calendar year.
(10) Coordination with section 877 If—
(A) an alien individual was treated as a resident of the United States during any period which includes at least 3 consecutive calendar years (hereinafter referred to as the “initial residency period”), and
(B) such individual ceases to be treated as a resident of the United States but subsequently becomes a resident of the United States before the close of the 3rd calendar year beginning after the close of the initial residency period,
such individual shall be taxable for the period after the close of the initial residency period and before the day on which he subsequently became a resident of the United States in the manner provided in section 877(b). The preceding sentence shall apply only if the tax imposed pursuant to section 877(b) exceeds the tax which, without regard to this paragraph, is imposed pursuant to section 871.
Amended 1986
- 1986 Pub. L. 99-514 Pub. L. 99–514, § 1810(l)(4), redesignated pars. (5) to (10) as pars. (6) to (11), respectively.
(11) Regulations The Secretary shall prescribe such regulations as may be necessary or appropriate to carry out the purposes of this subsection.
Amended 1986
- 1986 Pub. L. 99-514 Pub. L. 99–514, § 1810(l)(4), redesignated pars. (5) to (10) as pars. (6) to (11), respectively.
(c) Includes and including The terms “includes” and “including” when used in a definition contained in this title shall not be deemed to exclude other things otherwise within the meaning of the term defined.
Amended 1984
- 1984 Pub. L. 98-369 Pub. L. 98–369, § 138(a), redesignated former subsec. (b), relating to includes and including, as (c). Former subsec. (c), relating to Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, redesignated (d).
(d) Commonwealth of Puerto Rico Where not otherwise distinctly expressed or manifestly incompatible with the intent thereof, references in this title to possessions of the United States shall be treated as also referring to the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico.
Amended 1984
- 1984 Pub. L. 98-369 Pub. L. 98–369, § 138(a), redesignated former subsec. (c), relating to Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, as (d). Former subsec. (d), relating to cross references, redesignated (e).
(e) Treatment of certain contracts for providing services, etc. For purposes of chapter 1—
Amended 1984
- 1984 Pub. L. 98-369 Pub. L. 98–369, § 31(e), added subsec. (e). Former subsec. (e), relating to cross references, redesignated (f).
- 1984 Pub. L. 98-369 Pub. L. 98–369, § 138(a), redesignated former subsec. (d), relating to cross references, as (e).
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(1) In general A contract which purports to be a service contract shall be treated as a lease of property if such contract is properly treated as a lease of property, taking into account all relevant factors including whether or not—
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(A) the service recipient is in physical possession of the property,
(B) the service recipient controls the property,
(C) the service recipient has a significant economic or possessory interest in the property,
(D) the service provider does not bear any risk of substantially diminished receipts or substantially increased expenditures if there is nonperformance under the contract,
(E) the service provider does not use the property concurrently to provide significant services to entities unrelated to the service recipient, and
(F) the total contract price does not substantially exceed the rental value of the property for the contract period.
(2) Other arrangements An arrangement (including a partnership or other pass-thru entity) which is not described in paragraph (1) shall be treated as a lease if such arrangement is properly treated as a lease, taking into account all relevant factors including factors similar to those set forth in paragraph (1).
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(3) Special rules for contracts or arrangements involving solid waste disposal, energy, and clean water facilities
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(A) In general Notwithstanding paragraphs (1) and (2), and except as provided in paragraph (4), any contract or arrangement between a service provider and a service recipient—
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(i) with respect to—
(I) the operation of a qualified solid waste disposal facility,
(II) the sale to the service recipient of electrical or thermal energy produced at a cogeneration or alternative energy facility,
(III) the operation of a water treatment works facility, or
(IV) the operation of a storage facility, and
Amended 2022
- 2022 Pub. L. 117-169 Pub. L. 117–169, § 13102(n)(1)(A), added subcl. (IV).
(ii) which purports to be a service contract,
shall be treated as a service contract.
(B) Qualified solid waste disposal facility For purposes of subparagraph (A), the term “qualified solid waste disposal facility” means any facility if such facility provides solid waste disposal services for residents of part or all of 1 or more governmental units and substantially all of the solid waste processed at such facility is collected from the general public.
“Substantially” implies facts and circumstances. No regulation cites this provision (eCFR, Oct 19, 2026)
(C) Cogeneration facility For purposes of subparagraph (A), the term “cogeneration facility” means a facility which uses the same energy source for the sequential generation of electrical or mechanical power in combination with steam, heat, or other forms of useful energy.
(D) Alternative energy facility For purposes of subparagraph (A), the term “alternative energy facility” means a facility for producing electrical or thermal energy if the primary energy source for the facility is not oil, natural gas, coal, or nuclear power.
(E) Water treatment works facility For purposes of subparagraph (A), the term “water treatment works facility” means any treatment works within the meaning of section 212(2) of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act.
(F) Storage facility For purposes of subparagraph (A), the term “storage facility” means a facility which uses energy storage technology within the meaning of section 48(c)(6).
Amended 2022
- 2022 Pub. L. 117-169 Pub. L. 117–169, § 13102(n)(1)(B), added subpar. (F).
(4) Paragraph (3) not to apply in certain cases
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(A) In general Paragraph (3) shall not apply to any qualified solid waste disposal facility, cogeneration facility, alternative energy facility, water treatment works facility, or storage facility used under a contract or arrangement if—
Amended 1986, 2022
- 2022 Pub. L. 117-169 Pub. L. 117–169, § 13102(n)(2), substituted “water treatment works facility, or storage facility” for “or water treatment works facility” in introductory provisions.
- 1986 Pub. L. 99-514 Pub. L. 99–514, § 201(d)(14)(A), substituted “section 168(h)” for “section 168(j)”.
- 1986 Pub. L. 99-514 Pub. L. 99–514, § 1802(a)(9)(C), inserted at end “For purposes of this paragraph, the term ‘related entity’ has the same meaning as when used in section 168(j).”
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(i) the service recipient (or a related entity) operates such facility,
(ii) the service recipient (or a related entity) bears any significant financial burden if there is nonperformance under the contract or arrangement (other than for reasons beyond the control of the service provider),
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(iii) the service recipient (or a related entity) receives any significant financial benefit if the operating costs of such facility are less than the standards of performance or operation under the contract or arrangement, or
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(iv) the service recipient (or a related entity) has an option to purchase, or may be required to purchase, all or a part of such facility at a fixed and determinable price (other than for fair market value).
For purposes of this paragraph, the term “related entity” has the same meaning as when used in section 168(h).
(B) Special rules for application of subparagraph (A) with respect to certain rights and allocations under the contract For purposes of subparagraph (A), there shall not be taken into account—
(i) any right of a service recipient to inspect any facility, to exercise any sovereign power the service recipient may possess, or to act in the event of a breach of contract by the service provider, or
(ii) any allocation of any financial burden or benefits in the event of any change in any law.
(C) Special rules for application of subparagraph (A) in the case of certain events
(i) Temporary shut-downs, etc. For purposes of clause (ii) of subparagraph (A), there shall not be taken into account any temporary shut-down of the facility for repairs, maintenance, or capital improvements, or any financial burden caused by the bankruptcy or similar financial difficulty of the service provider.
(ii) Reduced costs For purposes of clause (iii) of subparagraph (A), there shall not be taken into account any significant financial benefit merely because payments by the service recipient under the contract or arrangement are decreased by reason of increased production or efficiency or the recovery of energy or other products.
(5) Exception for certain low-income housing This subsection shall not apply to any property described in clause (i), (ii), (iii), or (iv) of section 1250(a)(1)(B) (relating to low-income housing) if—
(A) such property is operated by or for an organization described in paragraph (3) or (4) of section 501(c), and
(B) at least 80 percent of the units in such property are leased to low-income tenants (within the meaning of section 167(k)(3)(B)) (as in effect on the day before the date of the enactment of the Revenue Reconciliation Act of 1990).
Amended 1990, 2018
- 2018 Pub. L. 115-141 Pub. L. 115–141, § 401(a)(332), substituted “Reconciliation” for “Reconcilation”.
- 1990 Pub. L. 101-508 Pub. L. 101–508, § 11812(b)(13), inserted before period at end “(as in effect on the day before the date of the enactment of the Revenue Reconcilation [sic] Act of 1990)”.
Amended 1986, 1988
- 1988 Pub. L. 100-647 Pub. L. 100–647, § 1002(a)(2), made technical correction to language of Pub. L. 99–514, § 201(d)(14)(B), see 1986 Amendment note below.
- 1986 Pub. L. 99-514 Pub. L. 99–514, § 201(d)(14)(B), as amended by Pub. L. 100–647, § 1002(a)(2), substituted “property described in clause (i), (ii), (iii), or (iv) of section 1250(a)(1)(B) (relating to low-income housing)” for “low-income housing (within the meaning of section 168(c)(2)(F))”.
- 1986 Pub. L. 99-514 Pub. L. 99–514, § 1899A(64), substituted “section 168(c)(2)(F))” for “section 168(C)(2)(F))”.
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(6) Regulations The Secretary may prescribe such regulations as may be necessary or appropriate to carry out the provisions of this subsection.
(f) Use of related persons or pass-thru entities The Secretary shall prescribe such regulations as may be necessary or appropriate to prevent the avoidance of those provisions of this title which deal with—
Amended 1984
- 1984 Pub. L. 98-369 Pub. L. 98–369, § 53(c), added subsec. (f). Former subsec. (f), relating to cross references, redesignated (g).
- 1984 Pub. L. 98-369 Pub. L. 98–369, § 31(e), redesignated former subsec. (e), relating to cross references, as (f).
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(1) the linking of borrowing to investment, or
(2) diminishing risks,
through the use of related persons, pass-thru entities, or other intermediaries.
(g) Clarification of fair market value in the case of nonrecourse indebtedness For purposes of subtitle A, in determining the amount of gain or loss (or deemed gain or loss) with respect to any property, the fair market value of such property shall be treated as being not less than the amount of any nonrecourse indebtedness to which such property is subject.
Amended 1984
- 1984 Pub. L. 98-369 Pub. L. 98–369, § 75(c), added subsec. (g). Former subsec. (g), relating to cross references, redesignated (h).
- 1984 Pub. L. 98-369 Pub. L. 98–369, § 53(c), redesignated former subsec. (f), relating to cross references, as (g).
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(h) Motor vehicle operating leases
Amended 1984, 1986
- 1986 Pub. L. 99-514 Pub. L. 99–514, § 201(c), added subsec. (h). Former subsec. (h), relating to cross references, was successively redesignated as (i), (j), and (k).
- 1984 Pub. L. 98-369 Pub. L. 98–369, § 75(c), redesignated former subsec. (g), relating to cross references, as (h).
(1) In general For purposes of this title, in the case of a qualified motor vehicle operating agreement which contains a terminal rental adjustment clause—
(A) such agreement shall be treated as a lease if (but for such terminal rental adjustment clause) such agreement would be treated as a lease under this title, and
(B) the lessee shall not be treated as the owner of the property subject to an agreement during any period such agreement is in effect.
(2) Qualified motor vehicle operating agreement defined For purposes of this subsection—
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(A) In general The term “qualified motor vehicle operating agreement” means any agreement with respect to a motor vehicle (including a trailer) which meets the requirements of subparagraphs (B), (C), and (D) of this paragraph.
(B) Minimum liability of lessor An agreement meets the requirements of this subparagraph if under such agreement the sum of—
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(i) the amount the lessor is personally liable to repay, and
(ii) the net fair market value of the lessor’s interest in any property pledged as security for property subject to the agreement,
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equals or exceeds all amounts borrowed to finance the acquisition of property subject to the agreement. There shall not be taken into account under clause (ii) any property pledged which is property subject to the agreement or property directly or indirectly financed by indebtedness secured by property subject to the agreement.
(C) Certification by lessee; notice of tax ownership An agreement meets the requirements of this subparagraph if such agreement contains a separate written statement separately signed by the lessee—
(i) under which the lessee certifies, under penalty of perjury, that it intends that more than 50 percent of the use of the property subject to such agreement is to be in a trade or business of the lessee, and
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(ii) which clearly and legibly states that the lessee has been advised that it will not be treated as the owner of the property subject to the agreement for Federal income tax purposes.
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(D) Lessor must have no knowledge that certification is false An agreement meets the requirements of this subparagraph if the lessor does not know that the certification described in subparagraph (C)(i) is false.
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(3) Terminal rental adjustment clause defined
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(A) In general For purposes of this subsection, the term “terminal rental adjustment clause” means a provision of an agreement which permits or requires the rental price to be adjusted upward or downward by reference to the amount realized by the lessor under the agreement upon sale or other disposition of such property.
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(B) Special rule for lessee dealers The term “terminal rental adjustment clause” also includes a provision of an agreement which requires a lessee who is a dealer in motor vehicles to purchase the motor vehicle for a predetermined price and then resell such vehicle where such provision achieves substantially the same results as a provision described in subparagraph (A).
(i) Taxable mortgage pools
Amended 1986
- 1986 Pub. L. 99-514 Pub. L. 99–514, § 673, added subsec. (i). Former subsec. (i), relating to cross references, as previously redesignated, was successively redesignated as (j) and (k).
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(1) Treated as separate corporations A taxable mortgage pool shall be treated as a separate corporation which may not be treated as an includible corporation with any other corporation for purposes of section 1501.
(2) Taxable mortgage pool defined For purposes of this title—
(A) In general Except as otherwise provided in this paragraph, a taxable mortgage pool is any entity (other than a REMIC) if—
Amended 1996, 2004
- 2004 Pub. L. 108-357 Pub. L. 108–357, § 835(b)(11), struck out “or a FASIT” after “other than a REMIC” in introductory provisions.
- 1996 Pub. L. 104-188 Pub. L. 104–188, § 1621(b)(9), inserted “or a FASIT” after “a REMIC” in introductory provisions.
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(i) substantially all of the assets of such entity consists of debt obligations (or interests therein) and more than 50 percent of such debt obligations (or interests) consists of real estate mortgages (or interests therein),
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(ii) such entity is the obligor under debt obligations with 2 or more maturities, and
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(iii) under the terms of the debt obligations referred to in clause (ii) (or underlying arrangement), payments on such debt obligations bear a relationship to payments on the debt obligations (or interests) referred to in clause (i).
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(B) Portion of entities treated as pools Any portion of an entity which meets the definition of subparagraph (A) shall be treated as a taxable mortgage pool.
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(C) Exception for domestic building and loan Nothing in this subsection shall be construed to treat any domestic building and loan association (or portion thereof) as a taxable mortgage pool.
(D) Treatment of certain equity interests To the extent provided in regulations, equity interest of varying classes which correspond to maturity classes of debt shall be treated as debt for purposes of this subsection.
(3) Treatment of certain REIT’s If—
(A) a real estate investment trust is a taxable mortgage pool, or
(B) a qualified REIT subsidiary (as defined in section 856(i)(2)) of a real estate investment trust is a taxable mortgage pool,
under regulations prescribed by the Secretary, adjustments similar to the adjustments provided in section 860E(d) shall apply to the shareholders of such real estate investment trust.
(j) Tax treatment of Federal Thrift Savings Fund
Amended 1986
- 1986 Pub. L. 99-514 Pub. L. 99–514, § 1147(a), added subsec. (j). Former subsec. (j), relating to cross references, as previously redesignated, was redesignated as (k).
(1) In general For purposes of this title—
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(A) the Thrift Savings Fund shall be treated as a trust described in section 401(a) which is exempt from taxation under section 501(a);
(B) any contribution to, or distribution from, the Thrift Savings Fund shall be treated in the same manner as contributions to or distributions from such a trust; and
(C) subject to section 401(k)(4)(B) and any dollar limitation on the application of section 402(e)(3), contributions to the Thrift Savings Fund shall not be treated as distributed or made available to an employee or Member nor as a contribution made to the Fund by an employee or Member merely because the employee or Member has, under the provisions of subchapter III of chapter 84 of title 5, United States Code, and section 8351 of such title 5, an election whether the contribution will be made to the Thrift Savings Fund or received by the employee or Member in cash.
Amended 1987, 1988, 1990, 1992
- 1992 Pub. L. 102-318 Pub. L. 102–318 substituted “402(e)(3)” for “402(a)(8)”.
- 1990 Pub. L. 101-508 Pub. L. 101–508, § 11704(a)(34), substituted “(C) subject to section 401(k)(4)(B) and any dollar limitation on the application of section 402(a)(8),” for “(C) subject to, section 401(k)(4)(B), and any dollar limitation on the application of section 402(a)(8),”.
- 1988 Pub. L. 100-647 Pub. L. 100–647, § 1011A(m)(1), inserted “, section 401(k)(4)(B),” after “the provisions of paragraph (2)” in subpar. (C), as it read before amendment by Pub. L. 100–202. See Effective Date of 1988 Amendment note below.
- 1987 Pub. L. 100-202 Pub. L. 100–202, § 101(m) [title VI, § 624(a)(1)], which directed that “the provisions of paragraph (2) and” after “subject to” be struck out, was executed by striking out “the provisions of paragraph (2)” after “subject to” in view of the amendment by section 1011A(m)(1) of Pub. L. 100–647 which was effective as if it had been included in Pub. L. 99–514. See 1988 Amendment note above.
(2) Nondiscrimination requirements Notwithstanding any other provision of law, the Thrift Savings Fund is not subject to the nondiscrimination requirements applicable to arrangements described in section 401(k) or to matching contributions (as described in section 401(m)), so long as it meets the requirements of this section.
Amended 1987
- 1987 Pub. L. 100-202 Pub. L. 100–202, § 101(m) [title VI, § 624(a)(2)], added par. (2) and struck out former par. (2) which read as follows: “Paragraph (1)(C) shall not apply to the Thrift Savings Fund unless the Fund meets the antidiscrimination requirements (other than any requirement relating to coverage) applicable to arrangements described in section 401(k) and to matching contributions. Rules similar to the rules of sections 401(k)(8) and 401(m)(8) (relating to no disqualification if excess contributions distributed) shall apply for purposes of the preceding sentence.”
(3) Coordination with Social Security Act Paragraph (1) shall not be construed to provide that any amount of the employee’s or Member’s basic pay which is contributed to the Thrift Savings Fund shall not be included in the term “wages” for the purposes of section 209 of the Social Security Act or section 3121(a) of this title.
(4) Definitions For purposes of this subsection, the terms “Member”, “employee”, and “Thrift Savings Fund” shall have the same respective meanings as when used in subchapter III of chapter 84 of title 5, United States Code.
(5) Coordination with other provisions of law No provision of law not contained in this title shall apply for purposes of determining the treatment under this title of the Thrift Savings Fund or any contribution to, or distribution from, such Fund.
(k) Treatment of certain amounts paid to charity In the case of any payment which, except for section 13143(b) of title 5, United States Code, might be made to any officer or employee of the Federal Government but which is made instead on behalf of such officer or employee to an organization described in section 170(c)—
Amended 1986, 1989, 1991, 2022
- 2022 Pub. L. 117-286 Pub. L. 117–286 substituted “section 13143(b) of title 5, United States Code,” for “section 501(b) of the Ethics in Government Act of 1978,”.
- 1991 Pub. L. 102-90 Pub. L. 102–90 amended last sentence generally. Prior to amendment, last sentence read as follows: “For purposes of this subsection, a Representative in, or a Delegate or Resident Commissioner to, the Congress shall be treated as an officer or employee of the Federal Government and a Senator or officer (except the Vice President) or employee of the Senate shall not be treated as an officer or employee of the Federal Government.”
- 1989 Pub. L. 101-194 Pub. L. 101–194 added subsec. (k) and redesignated former subsec. (k) as (l).
- 1986 Pub. L. 99-514 Pub. L. 99–514, §§ 201(c), 673, 1147(a), successively redesignated subsec. (h), relating to cross references, as subsecs. (i), (j), and (k).
(1) such payment shall not be treated as received by such officer or employee for all purposes of this title and for all purposes of any tax law of a State or political subdivision thereof, and
(2) no deduction shall be allowed under any provision of this title (or of any tax law of a State or political subdivision thereof) to such officer or employee by reason of having such payment made to such organization.
For purposes of this subsection, a Senator, a Representative in, or a Delegate or Resident Commissioner to, the Congress shall be treated as an officer or employee of the Federal Government.
(l) Regulations relating to conduit arrangements The Secretary may prescribe regulations recharacterizing any multiple-party financing transaction as a transaction directly among any 2 or more of such parties where the Secretary determines that such recharacterization is appropriate to prevent avoidance of any tax imposed by this title.
Amended 1989, 1993
- 1993 Pub. L. 103-66 Pub. L. 103–66 added subsec. (l) and redesignated former subsec. (l) as (m).
- 1989 Pub. L. 101-194 Pub. L. 101–194 added subsec. (k) and redesignated former subsec. (k) as (l).
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(m) Designation of contract markets Any designation by the Commodity Futures Trading Commission of a contract market which could not have been made under the law in effect on the day before the date of the enactment of the Commodity Futures Modernization Act of 2000 shall apply for purposes of this title except to the extent provided in regulations prescribed by the Secretary.
Amended 1993, 2000
- 2000 Pub. L. 106-554 Pub. L. 106–554 added subsec. (m) and redesignated former subsec. (m) as (n).
- 1993 Pub. L. 103-66 Pub. L. 103–66 added subsec. (l) and redesignated former subsec. (l) as (m).
(n) Convention or association of churches For purposes of this title, any organization which is otherwise a convention or association of churches shall not fail to so qualify merely because the membership of such organization includes individuals as well as churches or because individuals have voting rights in such organization.
Amended 2000, 2004, 2005, 2008
- 2008 Pub. L. 110-245 Pub. L. 110–245, § 301(c)(2)(C), redesignated subsecs. (o) and (p) as (n) and (o), respectively, and struck out former subsec. (n) which related to special rules for determining when an individual is no longer a United States citizen or long-term resident.
- 2005 Pub. L. 109-135 Pub. L. 109–135 reenacted heading without change and amended text generally. Prior to amendment, text read as follows: “An individual who would (but for this subsection) cease to be treated as a citizen or resident of the United States shall continue to be treated as a citizen or resident of the United States, as the case may be, until such individual—
“(1) gives notice of an expatriating act or termination of residency (with the requisite intent to relinquish citizenship or terminate residency) to the Secretary of State or the Secretary of Homeland Security, and
“(2) provides a statement in accordance with section 6039G.”
- 2004 Pub. L. 108-357 Pub. L. 108–357, § 804(b), added subsec. (n) and redesignated former subsec. (n) as (o).
- 2000 Pub. L. 106-554 Pub. L. 106–554 added subsec. (m) and redesignated former subsec. (m) as (n).
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(o) Clarification of economic substance doctrine
Amended 2004, 2006, 2008, 2010
- 2010 Pub. L. 111-152 Pub. L. 111–152 added subsec. (o) and redesignated former subsec. (o) as (p).
- 2008 Pub. L. 110-245 Pub. L. 110–245, § 301(c)(2)(C), redesignated subsecs. (o) and (p) as (n) and (o), respectively, and struck out former subsec. (n) which related to special rules for determining when an individual is no longer a United States citizen or long-term resident.
- 2006 Pub. L. 109-280 Pub. L. 109–280, § 1222, added subsec. (o) and redesignated former subsec. (o) as (p). See Codification note above.
- 2004 Pub. L. 108-357 Pub. L. 108–357, § 804(b), added subsec. (n) and redesignated former subsec. (n) as (o).
(1) Application of doctrine In the case of any transaction to which the economic substance doctrine is relevant, such transaction shall be treated as having economic substance only if—
(A) the transaction changes in a meaningful way (apart from Federal income tax effects) the taxpayer’s economic position, and
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(B) the taxpayer has a substantial purpose (apart from Federal income tax effects) for entering into such transaction.
“Substantial” implies facts and circumstances. No regulation cites this provision (eCFR, Oct 19, 2026)
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(2) Special rule where taxpayer relies on profit potential
(A) In general The potential for profit of a transaction shall be taken into account in determining whether the requirements of subparagraphs (A) and (B) of paragraph (1) are met with respect to the transaction only if the present value of the reasonably expected pre-tax profit from the transaction is substantial in relation to the present value of the expected net tax benefits that would be allowed if the transaction were respected.
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(B) Treatment of fees and foreign taxes Fees and other transaction expenses shall be taken into account as expenses in determining pre-tax profit under subparagraph (A). The Secretary shall issue regulations requiring foreign taxes to be treated as expenses in determining pre-tax profit in appropriate cases.
(3) State and local tax benefits For purposes of paragraph (1), any State or local income tax effect which is related to a Federal income tax effect shall be treated in the same manner as a Federal income tax effect.
(4) Financial accounting benefits For purposes of paragraph (1)(B), achieving a financial accounting benefit shall not be taken into account as a purpose for entering into a transaction if the origin of such financial accounting benefit is a reduction of Federal income tax.
(5) Definitions and special rules For purposes of this subsection—
(A) Economic substance doctrine The term “economic substance doctrine” means the common law doctrine under which tax benefits under subtitle A with respect to a transaction are not allowable if the transaction does not have economic substance or lacks a business purpose.
(B) Exception for personal transactions of individuals In the case of an individual, paragraph (1) shall apply only to transactions entered into in connection with a trade or business or an activity engaged in for the production of income.
(C) Determination of application of doctrine not affected The determination of whether the economic substance doctrine is relevant to a transaction shall be made in the same manner as if this subsection had never been enacted.
(D) Transaction The term “transaction” includes a series of transactions.
(p) Cross references
Amended 2006, 2008, 2010
- 2010 Pub. L. 111-152 Pub. L. 111–152 added subsec. (o) and redesignated former subsec. (o) as (p).
- 2008 Pub. L. 110-245 Pub. L. 110–245, § 301(c)(2)(C), redesignated subsecs. (o) and (p) as (n) and (o), respectively, and struck out former subsec. (n) which related to special rules for determining when an individual is no longer a United States citizen or long-term resident.
- 2006 Pub. L. 109-280 Pub. L. 109–280, § 1222, added subsec. (o) and redesignated former subsec. (o) as (p). See Codification note above.
(1) Other definitions For other definitions, see the following sections of Title 1 of the United States Code:
(2) Effect of cross references For effect of cross references in this title, see section 7806(a).